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…only reached grade five by the time they were 18. At this point, students were sent away. Many were discouraged from pursuing further education. Abuse at the schools was widespread:…

…Government-issued Indian Status card. Image courtesy of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. What is Indian Status? “Indian Status” refers to a specific legal identity of an Aboriginal person in…

…p 209. Available online at http://moses.creighton.edu/kripke/jesuitrelations/relations_01.html 2 Supreme Court of Canada, R. v. Blais, 2003 SCC 44, [2003] 2 S.C.R. 236. September 19, 2003. Available online at: https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2077/index.do 3 Chartrand,…

…pan-Arctic meeting for June 1977. This gathering would become the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC). The ICC was founded by Eben Hopson, of the Alaskan Inupiat nation, in order to unite…

…peoples’ right to self-determination, which includes the right “to freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.” Article 4 affirms Indigenous peoples’ right “to…

…(1) The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed. (2) In this Act, “aboriginal peoples of Canada” includes the Indian, Inuit…

…personal communication. 22 As quoted by Mofino, Rick. “U.S. court refuses to extradite Canadian native.” the National Post. 23 November 2000, A4. 23 Switlo, personal communication, November 4, 2010….

…and Renate Eigenbrod, eds. Aboriginal Oral Traditions: Theory, Practice, Ethics. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2008. Hymes, Dell. “ In Vain I Tried to Tell You”: Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics. Lincoln:…