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…By Erin Hanson (2009), with updates and revisions by Daniel P. Gamez & Alexa Manuel (September 2020). The original version of this article has been archived, but may be…

…By Erin Hanson (2009), with updates and revisions by Daniel P. Gamez & Alexa Manuel (September 2020). The original version of this article has been archived, but may be…

…country. Prime Minister Stephen Harper, official apology, June 11, 2008 What was the Indian residential school system? The term residential schools refers to an extensive school system set up by…

…in the courts: Sparrow, Van der Peet, and other legal challenges Not a “race-based” fishery. Bibliography & Recommend Resources for Further Research Endnotes Introduction In August of 2009, the chief…

…capacities in which women were able to hold positions of power and leadership in their community. Lisa J. Udel, for example, explains that motherhood was honoured and revered as key…

…them. Often, oral histories must be validated by the group. This stems from the principle that no one person can lay claim to an entire oral history. Narrators will also…

…Kramer’s website here, or the Tyee’s excellent article “Totem Poles: Myth and Fact.” Socio-cultural importance of totem poles From their earliest origins to today, totem poles hold a significant socio-cultural…

…of economic, cultural and spiritual practices. The relationship to traditional territory also remains significant for many First Nations who have lost access to it, even if they are unable to…

…1 percent of all children in care, came to make up just over 34 percent.3 In the 1960s, the child welfare system did not require, nor did it expect, social…