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…deaf ears, and while he accepted their oral history as evidence, Justice Allen McEachern concluded that it held no weight. In his now infamous ruling, he concluded that the Gitksan…

…At that time, instead of having its own constitution, Canada was governed by the British North America (BNA) Act. The Canadian Constitution fell under British law, which meant that only…

…administering the Indian Act and policies and programs relating to bands, including disbursement of administrative monies, social service programs, and educational programs; band administration is responsible for the day-to-day functioning…

…our Royal Will and Pleasure, that no Governor or Commander in Chief in any of our Colonies of Quebec, East Florida. or West Florida, do presume, upon any Pretence whatever,…

…Hawthorn to investigate the social conditions of Aboriginal peoples across Canada. In his report, A Survey of the Contemporary Indians of Canada: Economic, Political, Educational Needs and Policies, Hawthorn concluded…

…treaty rights are hereby recognized and affirmed” in Section 35. Section 35 had been added to the Constitution in 1982 to protect Aboriginal rights. However, those rights had yet to…

…plan to include Aboriginal rights so extensively within the constitution when the Act was being redrafted in the early 1980s. Early drafts and discussions during the patriation of the Canadian…

…adversely affected by incursions by industrial economies, displacement, and settlement of their traditional territories by others. For more on how this term was developed, please see our section on global…

…Manuel resigned from the National Indian Brotherhood and accepted the invitation to lead the UBCIC in a new direction. Manuel created the Aboriginal Rights Position Paper (available here), a foundation…

…for the use and benefit of the band“4 (emphasis added). The government demonstrated it did not act in Musqueam’s best interest by not consulting them about the revised terms of…