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…a forest utilization site containing a CMT created prior to 1846 is protected by law.10 Today, Aboriginal peoples continue to create new CMTs as part of their cultural and economic…

…Hawthorn to investigate the social conditions of Aboriginal peoples across Canada. In his report, A Survey of the Contemporary Indians of Canada: Economic, Political, Educational Needs and Policies, Hawthorn concluded…

…Introduction “The Elders would serve as mnemonic pegs to each other. They will be speaking individually uninterrupted in a circle one after another. When each Elder spoke they were…

…Essays in Celebration of the Twenty-Fifth American Indian Workshop, eds. Barbara Saunders and Lea Zuyderhoudt (New York: Cornell University Press, 2004), 80. 10 Halpin, 35. 11 Vickers, 60. 12 Halpin,…

…adversely affected by incursions by industrial economies, displacement, and settlement of their traditional territories by others. For more on how this term was developed, please see our section on global…

…treaty rights are hereby recognized and affirmed” in Section 35. Section 35 had been added to the Constitution in 1982 to protect Aboriginal rights. However, those rights had yet to…

…right. The Court’s decision thus went beyond the earlier Sparrow ruling (1990), to define particular Aboriginal rights regarding fishing. The ruling also resulted in what is known today as the…

…of Lords (now known as the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom) to support Indigenous rights.16 Subsequently, after months of international attention and pressure from Aboriginal groups across Canada, the…

…means more than property– it encompasses culture, relationships, ecosystems, social systems, spirituality, and law. For many, land means the earth, the water, the air, and all that live within these…

…consistently responded to and actively resisted against it since its inception. In some instances, this resistance has managed to affect and shape some policy. Regardless, the colonial origins of Aboriginal…