Bands
…Peoples, 1996. Canada. The Indian Act (An Act Respecting Indians.) R.S., 1951, c. I-5. Available online at: http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-5/ Endnotes 1 The Indian Act’s definition is as follows: “band” means a…
Marginalization of Aboriginal women
A Brief History of the Marginalization of Aboriginal Women in Canada Aboriginal women in Canada frequently experience challenges and discrimination that are not necessarily shared by non-Aboriginal women, nor are…
The Indian Act
…Native Brotherhood of British Columbia managed to continue to organize the fight for their rights underground. 1951 amendments For an excellent resource to compare and contrast different versions of the…
ILO Convention 107
What is the International Labour Organization Convention 107 (1957)? Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957 (No. 107) of the International Labour Organization (ILO) is an international instrument adopted to protect…
Sixties Scoop
The Sixties Scoop & Aboriginal child welfare In the case of Aboriginal mothers, stories of government involvement in family life often go back generations. The legacy of removing children from…
Totem Poles
What are totem poles? House frontal poles outside the Haida Heritage Centre, Kaay Llnagay, BC. Photo (c) 2010, Robyn Hanson. Totem poles are monuments created by First Nations of the…
George Manuel
George Manuel (1921-1989) was an Aboriginal political leader in Canada who held a number of influential roles throughout his career. George Manuel was born February 17, 1921, a member of…
Bill C-31
What is Bill C-31? Bill C-31, or a Bill to Amend the Indian Act, passed into law in April 1985 to bring the Indian Act into line with gender equality…
ILO Convention 169
…its member states. In 1957, the ILO developed and ratified Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957 (No. 107), an international instrument dedicated to improving the living conditions of Indigenous peoples…
The Residential School System
By Erin Hanson (2009), with updates and revisions by Daniel P. Gamez & Alexa Manuel (September 2020). The original version of this article has been archived, but may be accessed…
